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Plug-in hybrids are a ‘wolf in sheep’s clothing’

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Carbon dioxide emissions from plug-in hybrid cars are as much as two-and-a-half times higher than official tests suggest, according to new research.

Plug-in hybrid vehicles are powered by an electric motor using a battery that is recharged by being plugged in or via an on-board petrol or diesel engine.

They account for 3% of new car sales.

But analysis from pressure groups Transport and Environment and Greenpeace suggest they emit an average of 120g of CO2 per km.

That compares with the 44g per km in official “lab” tests

Plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs) are sold as a low-carbon alternative to traditional vehicles and conventional hybrids – which cannot be recharged from an external source – and are proving increasingly popular.

The new research is published as the government considers whether to bring forward a proposed ban on the sale of new petrol, diesel and conventional hybrid cars from 2035 to 2030.

‘Official’ versus ‘real world’

The BBC understands one suggestion is that plug-in hybrids should be given a stay of execution, with new sales allowed to continue until 2035.

That’s because they can offer a 20- to 40-mile range as a purely electric vehicle and are therefore potentially significantly less polluting than other vehicles.

But this new analysis from Transport and Environment and Greenpeace suggests they don’t offer anything like the carbon dioxide savings claimed for them by manufacturers.

The official tests indicate that plug-in hybrids emit an average of 44g per km of CO2. These tests are conducted on a circuit and see vehicles driven in a way that regulators consider “normal”.

The real figure, however, according to the report, is more like 120g per km.

The pressure groups have analysed what they say is “real-world” data on fuel efficiency collected from some 20,000 plug-in hybrid drivers around Europe.

These are drivers who have chosen to record their mileage and fuel consumption for surveys or who drive company or leased vehicles whose fuel efficiency is recorded.

According to this data-set the lifetime emissions of a plug-in hybrid average around 28 tonnes of CO2.

By comparison, the average petrol or diesel car is estimated to emit between 39 and 41 tonnes of CO2 from fuel during its lifetime, a conventional hybrid would typically emit more like 33 tonnes.

According to these figures a plug-in hybrid would only deliver an emissions reduction of about a third on a typical petrol or diesel car – far less than the official estimates.

The motor industry acknowledges that lab tests don’t always reflect real-world use but criticised the report, saying it uses emissions data from a test that is two years old.

“PHEVs provide a flexibility few other technologies can yet match with extended range for longer, out-of-town journeys and battery power in urban areas, reducing emissions and improving city air quality,” Mike Hawes, the chief executive of the Society of Motor Manufacturers and Traders told the BBC.

He says he expects the range and performance will continue to improve, making them an “essential stepping stone to a fully electric vehicle”.

Greenpeace meanwhile describes PHEVs as “the car industry’s wolf in sheep’s clothing”.

“They may seem a much more environmentally friendly choice,” says Rebecca Newsom, the pressure group’s head of politics, “but false claims of lower emissions are a ploy by car manufacturers to go on producing SUVs and petrol and diesel engines.”

Driver behaviour

Transport and Environment’s analysis says a key problem with plug-in hybrids is that so many owners rarely actually charge their cars, meaning they rely on the petrol or diesel engine.

Another is that many plug-in hybrid models include design features that automatically turn on the petrol/diesel engine at start-up on a cold day, or will kick in that engine if driver accelerates hard.

The latter mode means that the car’s emissions will depend a lot on the driver’s behaviour.

“If you always charge the battery and tend to do lots of short journeys, they will have very low emissions,” says Nick Molden, who runs Emissions Analytics, a company that specialises in vehicle emissions evaluation.

“If you never charge the battery and drive very aggressively then they can have significantly higher emissions than the equivalent petrol or diesel model,” he continues.

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TikTok: Cambridgeshire police officers warned over ‘offensive’ videos

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Tik Tok

image copyrightGetty Images

image captionThe officers posted videos to video-sharing social network TikTok

Two police officers committed gross misconduct by posting “offensive and inappropriate” TikTok videos while in uniform, a

misconduct panel has found.

PCs Amy Taylor and April Cooper of Cambridgeshire Police posted clips of themselves “shouting offensive language” in a police car and dancing inappropriately in a police station.

The officers told the hearing the videos were “to boost morale”.

Both officers were given final written warnings.

Chief Constable Nick Dean said: “There is no doubt in my mind that the clips have damaged the reputation of this constabulary.”

They were reported by a member of the public who had seen the videos and felt they were “unprofessional”.

‘Insensitive to those suffering’

In one video both officers were in uniform “dancing in an inappropriate way utilising fire marshal tabards”.

In another video clip PC Cooper was seen in uniform shouting “coronavirus” down a phone with the caption “when calling in sick at work and they ask what’s up”.

Chief Constable Dean said in his ruling: “This clip was made in the height of a pandemic which is still ongoing yet you appear to be insensitive to the many thousands who have suffered and the vital role that emergency services and other agencies played in this outbreak, and continue to do so.

“This clearly shows a lack of respect and sensitivity to those that were suffering or indeed their families and friends.

“The respect shown to your colleagues in behaving this way demonstrates a lack of respect for them and a lack of self-control by you both.

“It cannot be said that this was a momentary lapse of concentration.”

The hearing was told the reach of the videos on social media had been extensive before they were taken down.

Find BBC News: East of England on Facebook, Instagram and Twitter. If you have a story suggestion email eastofenglandnews@bbc.co.uk

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UK Space Agency funds tech for orbital awareness

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D-Orbit's carrier vehicle has cameras that could also look for nearby space debrisImage copyright
D-ORBIT

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Artwork: D-Orbit’s carrier platform has cameras that could also look for nearby space debris

New approaches to tracking satellites and debris in orbit are to get a boost from the UK Space Agency.

UKSA is giving over £1m to seven firms to help advance novel sensor technologies and the smart algorithms needed to interpret their data.

Finding better ways to surveil objects moving overhead has become a high priority issue.

With more and more satellites being launched, there’s growing concern about the potential for collisions.

A big worry is the burgeoning population of redundant hardware and junk in orbit – some 900,000 objects larger than 1cm by some counts, and all of it capable of doing immense damage to, or even destroying, an operational spacecraft in a high-velocity encounter.

The projects being supported by UKSA come from a mix of start-ups and more established companies.

The overriding goal is to improve ways to spot, characterise and track objects.

Ultimately, this is information which could be fed into the automated traffic management systems of the future that will keep functioning satellites out of harm’s way.

The funded projects include:

  • Lift Me Off: To develop machine-learning and artificial intelligence techniques to distinguish between satellites and space junk.
  • Fujitsu: To also develop machine-learning approaches and quantum-inspired processing to improve mission planning to remove debris.
  • Deimos and Northern Space and Security: To both develop a new range of optical sensors to track space objects from the UK.
  • Andor: To enhance the sensitivity and speed of its camera detector technology to map and track ever smaller sized debris objects.
  • D-Orbit UK: To refine the use of recently launched sensors to capture images of, and characterise, objects moving around a spacecraft.
  • Lumi Space: The company is developing laser ranging technology to again spot, characterise and precisely track objects in orbit.

Image copyright
DEIMOS

Image caption

Deimos is developing technologies to track space objects from the UK

“We’ve known for a long while that the space environment is getting more difficult, more cluttered,” said Jacob Geer from UKSA. “Space surveillance and tracking is one of the key things we can do to keep safe those satellites we rely on now, and to make sure certain orbits don’t become inaccessible for future generations because there’s too much debris in them.

“We had 26 proposals come to us and I think we’ve selected a good cross-section of ideas in the seven companies we’re supporting,” he told BBC News.

While a lot of these projects are still at the lab stage, D-Orbit’s work is dedicated to pushing the capability of some of its hardware already in space.

The company recently launched a vehicle to carry and deploy a clutch of small satellites. This vehicle uses cameras to photograph its surroundings and to map the stars for the purposes of navigation.

D-Orbit has the idea of using the cameras’ imagery to also identify passing junk.

“One of the challenges in using star trackers is filtering out objects that are not supposed to be there – obviously, because you’re trying to compare what you can see against a star catalogue,” explained D-Orbit’s Simon Reid. “And, of course, it’s those extra objects which in principal are the things that are potentially debris.”

The funding announcement also coincides with the signing of a new partnership agreement between the Ministry of Defence and UKSA to work together on space domain awareness.

Both have valuable assets and interests in orbit that need protecting. And for the UK taxpayer, this investment was recently deepened with the purchase out of bankruptcy of the OneWeb satellite broadband company.

The UK government is now the part owner of one of the biggest spacecraft networks in the sky. OneWeb has so far launched 74 satellites in its communications constellation, with plans to put up thousands more.

Business Secretary Alok Sharma said: “Millions of pieces of space junk orbiting the Earth present a significant threat to UK satellite systems which provide the vital services that we all take for granted – from mobile communications to weather forecasting.

“By developing new AI and sensor technology, the seven pioneering space projects we are backing today will significantly strengthen the UK’s capabilities to monitor these hazardous space objects, helping to create new jobs and protect the services we rely on in our everyday lives.”



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‘Record-setting year’ for wildfires is ‘far from over,’ Cal Fire spokesperson warns

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A “record-setting year” for wildfires is “far from over,” Cal Fire spokesperson Daniel Berlant warned on Monday.

“This has absolutely been a record-setting year. Well over 3.2 million acres have burned in California,” Berlant told “America’s Newsroom.”

To put it into perspective, Berlant noted that 3.2 million acres is over the size of the state of Connecticut.

“A significant amount of land has been burned. We’ve had major destruction and, even sadly, two dozen fatalities already and we still have several months to go in our fire season here. Unfortunately, this record-setting year is far from over,” Berlant said.

WILDFIRES ON WEST COAST LEAVE AT LEAST 35 DEAD, EVACUEES DESCRIBE HAVING ‘LOST EVERYTHING’

The death toll from dozens of wildfires burning along the West Coast has grown to least 35, as gusty winds on Monday threatened to fan flames in parts of the region.

Tens of thousands of people have been forced to flee their homes, with many returning to find only charred rubble.

Cal Fire said as of Monday, the North Complex has scorched some 261,488 acres and is only 26% contained.

Some 3,351 fire personnel are assigned to the blaze, but firefighters are also among those losing their homes.

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Berlant said that the North Complex fire was “really wind-driven.”

“The fire was able to burn everything in its path and with everything firefighters could do just to help rescue people but, again, a very deadly fire,” the spokesman said. “And it is very likely that the number of fatalities on that fire will increase. I think that fire is just an example of just how dramatic these fires can burn and how quickly they can leave a lot of destruction in their path.”

Fox News’ Travis Fedschun contributed to this report.

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TikTok: Oracle confirms being picked by Bytedance to be app’s partner

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By Leo Kelion
Technology desk editor

Trump and TikTok logo

US tech firm Oracle has confirmed that TikTok’s owner has formally proposed it become a “trusted technology partner” to the video-sharing app.

Full details of the tie-up have yet to be disclosed, but the aim is to avoid President Trump’s threat to shut down the Chinese-owned service in the US.

Trump has cited national security concerns, suggesting users’ data could be accessed by Beijing under current arrangements.

Current owner Bytedance denies this.

It says it has taken “extraordinary measures to protect the privacy and security of TikTok’s US user data”, which is stored in the States and Singapore.

Oracle is a database specialist without experience of running a social media app targeted at the general public.

Earlier in the day, the US Treasury Secretary Steven Mnuchin said that the Trump administration had been contacted by the American firm to discuss plans to make TikTok a US-headquartered company. He said the White House intended to review the idea this week.

Microsoft had also attempted to buy the platform, but revealed it had been rejected on Sunday.

Bytedance has yet to comment on the latest development.

Oracle’s shares were trading about 7% higher in mid-morning trade in New York.

“While I can see the upside for Oracle from a cloud perspective, it is hard not to think how much of this deal rests on politics rather than tech,” commented Carolina Milanesi from the Silicon Valley-based research firm Creative Strategies.

Oracle’s chairman, the billionaire Larry Ellison, is a supporter of Mr Trump and in February held a fundraiser at his California home to aid the Republican leader’s re-election campaign.

The White House is also taking a harsh line against other Chinese tech companies – including Huawei, Tencent and a number of artificial intelligence start-ups – restricting what business they can do with US counterparts without the administration’s approval.

President Trump had given TikTok’s owner Bytedance until this week to secure a deal.

Failure to do so would have seen US companies prevented from doing business with it from Sunday, and Bytedance being forced to give up TikTok’s US operations one way or another by 12 November.

The app’s US team sued the US government last month in an effort to challenge the moves.

Oracle was not the favourite to buy or otherwise link up to TikTok’s US arm – Microsoft was the early frontrunner.

But as time wore on, Microsoft became increasingly concerned about what it would be acquiring.

It became clear that China might attempt to block the sale of the technology behind the app’s powerful algorithm.

Privately there were concerns too that Microsoft was about to create a rod for its own back by becoming involved with a mass market, youth-focused social network – it already owns LinkedIn, but that caters for a very different audience.

Political bias, child safety issues and right-wing militias are just some of the problems TikTok has had to deal with in the last few months.

Even so, TikTok’s hundreds of millions of users make it an attractive proposition in a sector where size is everything: if all your friends are on a platform, you too are more likely to join.

Oracle has decided it’s worth the risk.

The big questions now are what exactly is Oracle’s involvement, and will the tie-up be approved by the US and Chinese authorities.

TikTok Timeline

image copyrightEPA

March 2012: Bytedance is established in China and launches Neihan Duanzi – an app to help Chinese users share memes

September 2016: Bytedance launches the short-form video app Douyin in China

August 2017: An international version of Douyin is launched under the brand TikTok in some parts of the world, but not the US at this time

November 2017: Bytedance buys lip-synch music app Musical.ly

May 2018: TikTok declared world’s most downloaded non-game iOS app over first three months of the year, by market research firm Sensor Tower

August 2018: Bytedance announces it is shutting down Musical.ly and is moving users over to TikTok

February 2019: TikTok fined in US over Musical.ly’s handling of under-13s’ data

October 2019: Facebook’s Mark Zuckerberg publicly criticises TikTok, accusing it of censoring protests

November 2019: The Committee on Foreign Investment in the United States (Cfius) opens national security investigation into TikTok

May 2020: TikTok hires Disney executive Kevin Meyer to become the division’s chief executive and chief operating officer of Bytedance

June 2020: India bans TikTok among dozens of other Chinese apps

July 2020: US Secretary of State Mike Pompeo, and then President Trump, say TikTok might be banned

August 2020: Microsoft and Oracle make rival approaches to acquire or otherwise operate TikTok in the US and three other markets. Mr Meyer announces he is leaving the company because the “political environment has sharply changed”

September 2020: TikTok says it has more than 100 million active users in Europe. It recently said it had a similar number in the US, and has been estimated to have more than 800 million engaged members worldwide

Related Topics

  • Social networks

  • TikTok
  • China
  • Donald Trump
  • United States

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TikTok: What is Oracle and why does it want the video-sharing app?

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By Cristina Criddle
Technology reporter

Oracle founder Larry Ellison

image copyrightGetty Images

image captionOracle founder and chairman Larry Ellison is worth about $75bn (£57.3bn), according to Forbes

Software giant Oracle is believed to be the frontrunner in the bidding war for short-form video app TikTok.

Microsoft dropped out of negotiations with Chinese-company Bytedance on Sunday night, after which

Reuters reported that Oracle would become its technology partner and assume management of TikTok’s US user data.

The partnership should address US security concerns but not be a complete sale, sources told the agency.

However, Chinese state media has said Bytedance will not sell its US operations outright, nor will it share TikTok’s source code.

Oracle’s security roots

Oracle sells database technology and cloud systems to businesses. It was one of the first companies to help clients structure their records in this way.

Co-founder and current chairman Larry Ellison named the company after the codename given to a project for its first customer, in 1975: the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA).

The firm was founded two years later and went on to complete contracts for the CIA, Navy Intelligence, Air Force Intelligence and the National Security Agency.

News site Gizmodo has detailed Oracle’s involvement with US government intelligence community, and says it is relationship that has been “frequently ignored by people who like to pretend Oracle was just another humble Silicon Valley start-up”.

But its clients and cloud-based services now extend far wider, from serving auto-makers including Mazda and Yamaha to retailers such as the UK’s Co-op and Debenhams chains.

Oracle’s technologies can be used to keep track of everything, Mr Ellison has said.

“The information about your banks, your checking balance, your savings balance, is stored in an Oracle database,” he said in Jeffery Rosen’s 2004 book The Naked Crowd.

“Your airline reservation is stored in an Oracle database. What books you bought on Amazon is stored in an Oracle database. Your profile on Yahoo! is stored in an Oracle database… Privacy is already gone.”

A safe choice?

The US administration claims TikTok and other Chinese apps are national security threats which is why – given its history in intelligence – Oracle might be considered a trustworthy option.

“On the surface, Oracle and TikTok don’t seem like bedfellows,” said Chris Stokel-Walker, author of a forthcoming book about the platform.

“Oracle is a relatively boring business-to-business company, whereas TikTok is a youth-centred, casual app.

“But there is underlying geopolitics. If [US President Donald] Trump’s fears around TikTok are rooted in security, the company would be a safer bet.”

image copyrightReuters
image captionPresident Donald Trump has previously indicated he would support Oracle’s involvement
Mr Ellison – who is ranked the world’s fifth richest person by Forbes – has been openly supportive of President Trump and held a fundraiser for him in February.

The president had previously said he thought Oracle was best placed to seal the TikTok deal.

“I think Oracle is a great company, and I think its owner is a tremendous guy,” Mr Trump said last month. “He’s a tremendous person. I think that Oracle would be certainly somebody that could handle it.”

TikTok deadlines:

  • 15 September: Deadline given by President Trump for Bytedance to find a deal
  • 20 September: Executive order due to come into effect prohibiting companies under US jurisdiction doing business with Bytedance
  • 12 November: Second executive order comes into effect, giving Bytedance a deadline to fully divest the US assets of TikTok
But any deal would require the approval of both American and Chinese governments – and Chinese state media has reported that Bytedance will not sell to the company to Oracle.

Oracle has been accused of hostility towards China, after firing 900 staff from its team in the country last year, in the same week additional tariffs on Chinese goods were introduced in the US.

Employees blamed tensions between the US and China for the cuts.

media captionHow the US-China trade war has changed the world

‘Tech partnership’

It is understood that Oracle’s involvement in TikTok will not be an outright sale but instead a “tech partnership”, the Wall Street Journal and Reuters report.

That suggests the US firm’s control over the business would be limited.

Two weeks ago, China announced new government restrictions on tech exports. They mean some technologies involving artificial intelligence techniques need government approval before any sale to a foreign entity takes place.

Many view the way TikTok decides which videos to recommend to whom and when as being its key asset, and it may be that Oracle will not be allowed to know exactly how it works or make use of it for other purposes,

“A deal where Oracle takes over hosting without source code and significant operational changes would not address any of the legitimate concerns about TikTok, and the White House accepting such a deal would demonstrate that this exercise was pure grift,” Alex Stamos, former chief security officer at Facebook, tweeted.

But another expert thinks the partnership could work.

“The security element with Oracle could ease tensions, but it can also help TikTok be a bit more mature in its outlook,” said Tamara Littleton, founder of The Social Element consultancy.

“TikTok is struggling to control its content at the moment, and its revered algorithm can work against it sometimes. Oracle’s experience could help to fix some of these problems.”

TikTok and Oracle both declined to comment when contacted by the BBC.

Related Topics

  • TikTok

  • China
  • Microsoft
  • CIA



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OnePlus buds seized as ‘fake Apple AirPods’ by US customs

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A split screen shows two images of the alleged counterfeit airpods, including a box with the logo and text of the OnePlus brand

image copyrightCBP

image captionCBP posted these images of “counterfeit Apple Airpods”

Thousands of “counterfeit Apple AirPod earbuds” seized entering the US by customs officials appear to be genuine wireless earphones made by OnePlus.

“That’s not an Apple,” Customs and Border Protection (CBP) tweeted.

And an accompanying press release lauded “the vigilance and commitment to mission success” of the officers.

But the photograph tweeted by CBP clearly shows OnePlus-branded earphones. And OnePlus simply replied on Twitter: “Hey, give those back.”

‘Various dangers’

Officers at John F Kennedy International Airport had seized 2,000 “counterfeit Apple AirPod earbuds from Hong Kong destined for Nevada”, CBP said.

“CBP officers are protecting the American public from various dangers on a daily basis,” the New York field operations director added.

“If the merchandise were genuine”, the press release said, the earphones would be worth $398,000 (£310,000) or $199 a pair.

But OnePlus’s earphones sell for less than half that amount.

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  • United States
  • Apple



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This world-renowned Gambian musician is building an academy so children can study their own culture — without leaving Africa

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Written by Rachel Wood, CNN

She has found international fame as a musician, but Sona Jobarteh has a bigger mission — to use culture to empower Africans to reform their countries.

Jobarteh has been performing with the kora — a 21-stringed African harp — on the world stage since she was five years old, becoming the first professional female kora player in the West African country of The Gambia. You can hear her vocals on the soundtrack to the movie “Mandela: Long Walk to Freedom.”

As well as being an acclaimed performer, Jobarteh is a scholar in the field of traditional West African Mande music, and it was during her studies at SOAS University in London that she came to a realization.
“[SOAS] has one of Europe’s largest libraries containing African literature and resources — an absolutely amazing place,” she told CNN. “But why should Africans leave Africa to go and study their own culture? This is something that didn’t sit well with me.”

The Gambia’s first female professional kora player is hoping to educate the next generation

Wanting to give Gambians a sense of pride in their own culture, Jobarteh is now building an expansive campus for academic and cultural studies — complete with concert hall, amphitheater and recording studio.

History of the academy

Jobarteh founded The Gambia Academy in 2015, teaching school-age children a mainstream curriculum alongside African history, culture and traditional music.

Her idea was to create a course of study that highlighted the country’s culture in a way that could be replicated and implemented across the country.

The Academy started with 21 students — “to symbolize the kora’s 21-stings,” said Jobarteh — in a makeshift facility in Farato, a rural town in western Gambia.

Sona Jobarteh playing the kora during a World Music Institute concert at Symphony Space, New York, June 2019. Credit: Jack Vartoogian/Getty Images/Archive Photos/Getty Images

More than half of the children were orphans from rural communities, who had little or no access to education. The intake has since expanded to 40 students, whose fees are paid by Jobarteh.

But with a growing waiting list of new applicants, the academy is expanding to a purpose-built site in Kartong, southwestern Gambia, with capacity for 500 students, ranging in age from eight to 18.

The academy also plans to invite international students and musicians to further the educational experience of the children.

“Center for cultural knowledge”

Building in a remote location in rural Gambia comes with plenty of challenges: “heat, humidity and heavy downpours” along with “termite infestation and snakes,” said the British project manager Ron Mitchell in an interview.

But for Mitchell, the project is worth the hardship. “For the first time there will be a place of learning in a bright, natural setting that blends African tradition, arts and culture with academia that allows disadvantaged young people to learn alongside adults from all over the world,” he said.

The design seeks to use various sustainable, locally sourced materials including timber, natural straw and compressed earth blocks. The site will also be self-sufficient, using solar power for water and electricity.

The most eye-catching elements are the “five specialist cultural facilities” — including a multimedia department, concert hall and archive library — which Jobarteh hopes will form a “center for cultural knowledge.”

The project has received $45,000 from UNICEF, enough to begin construction in November on the Junior Department’s main building. Meanwhile, fundraising is underway for the remainder of the estimated $3 million total cost, with the aim of completing the full build by the end of 2021.

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Months after Covid-19 infection, patients report breathing difficulty and fatigue

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Gahan, a clinical psychologist in Shrewsbury, United Kingdom, hasn’t been able to return to work.

The disease causes what she calls “storms,” disabling periods when she feels shortness of breath, numbness in her hands and feet and her heart rate shoots up from simple tasks. Even taking a shower is possible only during an occasional respite in symptoms.

“In May and June, I could barely talk because I was so ill,” she said.

Before contracting the disease in early April, the mother of two ran three times a week and had a regular yoga routine.

“I can only walk as far as the corner,” she said. “In terms of running, I can’t imagine when that will happen, if ever.”

She is one of thousands around the world for whom Covid-19 has turned into a chronic condition. Gahan and other Covid-19 “long haulers” feel they aren’t yet getting recognition for an illness that has disabled them for months, with no end in sight.

“I’m a clinical psychologist, and this is not anxiety,” she said. “If doctors just say ‘We don’t know,’ it’s better than saying Covid symptoms only last two weeks.”

Many hospitalized for Covid-19 at risk to become ‘long haulers’

About three-quarters of those hospitalized for Covid-19 could become long haulers, according to a paper uploaded to the pre-print server medRxiv on August 14 without having yet been vetted by outside experts or accepted for publication.

Researchers from the Academic Respiratory Unit of the North Bristol NHS Trust in the UK looked at 110 Covid-19 patients, whose illnesses required hospital stays for a median of five days between March 30 and June 3.

I can't shake Covid-19: Warnings from young survivors still suffering

Twelve weeks after patients were released from the hospital, 74% of them reported symptoms, including breathlessness and excessive fatigue.

Despite these symptoms, however, 104 of the 110 patients in the study had normal basic blood test results, with just 12% showing an abnormal chest X-ray and 10% showing restrictive lung function through spirometry tests.

The British Medical Journal released new guidance for health providers in August on how to treat long-haul Covid-19 patients, estimating that up to 10% of all people who have tested positive could develop a prolonged illness. The guidance includes specific blood tests to perform, possibly referring patients to pulmonary rehabilitation and having them use pulse oximetry at home to measure oxygen saturation in the blood.

Results like these fly in the face of a narrative that took hold early in the pandemic, in which many medical professionals believed that the average Covid-19 patient would be sick for a couple weeks, clear the virus and be fine afterward.

That turns out not to be the case for everyone. The BMJ guidance cited “weak or absent antibody response, relapse or reinfection, inflammatory and other immune reactions, deconditioning, and mental factors such as post-traumatic stress” as contributing to longer-term symptoms. It acknowledged that similar parallels had occurred in patients with SARS and MERS.

“The classic case we all have in our hands is not always what really happens,” said Dr. MeiLan King Han, a pulmonologist and professor of medicine at the University of Michigan. “For the patients I have followed, many continue to complain of cough, breathing issues and severe fatigue long after their first infection.”

Long haulers and dysautonomia

One of the key issues in caring for each long-haul Covid-19 patient is to figure out how many of their symptoms can be chalked up to the heart and lungs and how much of the illness is actually the result of a deeper form of neurological dysfunction the coronavirus has unspooled, according to Noah Greenspan, a New York-based physical therapist and founder of the Pulmonary Wellness Foundation.

Before engaging in physical or respiratory therapy, he asks that all his patients get a full workup from their doctor to rule out a cardiac condition, stroke or pulmonary embolism before starting physical therapy.

Some patients’ symptoms are mild and can start a more traditional rehab plan, he said, “but there are others, which are turning into the biggest group of people, which are these long haulers.”

The primary trend across the Covid-19 long haulers that Greenspan is working with is a condition called dysautonomia, a condition marked by a miscommunication between the autonomic nervous system and the rest of the body.

The autonomic nervous system regulates automatic body functions such as breathing, sleep and digestion. When it’s not working, symptoms can present in myriad different ways, depending on the person.

“Reach into a bag of symptoms and pull out a bag of symptoms, and that’s what they have for the day,” Greenspan said. “It’s a twisted ball of yarn and takes a week to unravel one string.”

While shortness of breath and cardiovascular problems do present in his patients, Greenspan said, these are not usually the most common underlying cause of their misery.

Gahan and others with long-haul Covid-19 symptoms face a condition called postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome, which refers to a sharp rise in heart rate that occurs when moving from a reclining to standing position. The pull of gravity causes blood to pool in the legs. This condition can cause dizziness, lightheadedness and fainting.

Chronic fatigue syndrome a possible long-term effect of Covid-19, experts say

“Their heart rate goes up 50 to 75 points if they get up to get water,” Greenspan said. “They have fast heart rates that don’t have anything to do with what they’re actually doing, that are not commensurate with their workload.”

Many patients are exhibiting neurological symptoms consistent with myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome, according to the BMJ and National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases Director Dr. Anthony Fauci. That diagnosis requires at least six months of symptoms, a benchmark most long haulers haven’t yet reached.

For many, lung damage not the biggest issue

Many Covid-19 patients feel that the medical system is gaslighting them, telling them there’s nothing wrong even though their whole lives have been upended by Covid-19’s aftermath.

Corey Coopersmith, a 36-year-old fitness consultant in Las Vegas, hasn’t been able to work since first getting sick in late February. He suffers a constant ebb and flow of symptoms, and yet visit after visit to medical specialists has turned out a series of “normal” lab tests.

“A month ago, I had a pulmonary exam, and I got 120% on the gas exchange test,” Coopersmith said, noting the doctor told him, “Your lung function is amazing.”

But a breakthrough came when he finally visited an immunologist who performed tests that indicated abnormally low function of immune cells, including T cells and B cells.

“Have you been tested for HIV?” the immunologist asked Coopersmith, he recalled. “Your blood work looks like someone about to get AIDS.”

An immunologist finally found disturbances in Coopersmith's immune system that appeared to be on par with HIV/AIDS even though he doesn't have HIV.

A mixed martial arts fighter in his 20s, Coopersmith was in great shape when he contracted Covid-19 in February, boasting of a resting heart rate of 58 beats per minute.

Now though, when he wakes up in the middle of the night to go to the bathroom, POTS can drive his heart rate to 200.

To make it possible to sleep under his new constraints, he bought a continuous positive airway pressure machine, a device with a face mask that pushes oxygen into his lungs.

“I lie there gasping for air, fighting for life,” he said.

For many, lung damage not the biggest issue

Coopersmith is one of many Covid survivors trying to grasp why he feels so breathless even though his lung function is excellent.

“I feel like my lungs have recovered quite well,” Gahan, the clinical psychologist in the UK, said.

Her main issue has been pinpointing what has been causing the storms of illness, which are primarily neurological symptoms, including migraines and numbness in her feet and hands. She feels they can be explained by dysautonomia.

“I can’t do anything except to just go to bed,” she said, noting how lights and sounds and emotional stressors exacerbate her ongoing sickness. “I can’t stand any interaction.”

Patients hope their stories of halted recoveries might dissuade others from taking risks with infection by traveling, partying or gathering in large groups prior to development and distribution of a vaccine.

“It’s not about fatigue. It’s about really nasty symptoms that take over your whole life for who knows how long,” Gahan said. “Think about people like me when you’re thinking about what decisions you should make.”

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Mo Salah hat trick sinks Leeds in seven-goal Premier League thriller

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The away side came from behind three times and looked set to be earning a precious point until Salah converted an 89th-minute penalty after Leeds’ club record signing Rodrigo fouled Fabinho to concede the spot kick.

Promoted as champion from the English second flight last season, Leeds put on a command performance to push Liverpool all the way in a match that would have graced a packed stadium rather than a scattering of squad players and officials.

Egyptian star Salah, who looked sharp throughout, proved the difference, putting his side in front with his first successful conversion from the penalty spot after four minutes and completing the first half scoring with a laser-like finish to edge his side 3-2 ahead in an extraordinary five-goal first half.

Mo Salah powers home Liverpool's third goal and his second in a pulsating clash at Anfield against Leeds United.

Leeds, playing with the high-tempo pressing style so typical of Bielsa’s sides, leveled at 3-3 on Mateusz Klich’s 66th minute goal, which he started and finished. But Leeds could not hold out under intense pressure from Jurgen Klopp’s men.

Returning to the top-flight after 16 long years, Leeds could scarcely have made a poorer start as new signing Robin Koch conceded a penalty as Salah’s shot deflected from his knee onto his outstretched arm.

Leeds protested to referee Michael Oliver, but his decision was confirmed by the video assistant referee and Salah blasted the ball home down the middle.

But any thoughts of an easy home victory were quickly put to bed as new England international Kalvin Phillips found Jack Harrison with a raking long pass and the on-loan Manchester City man did superbly to cut inside and beat Alisson Becker with a powerful low shot on 12 minutes.

Jack Harrison of Leeds United scores his team's opening goal at Anfield as he shoots home past Liverpool defenders Trent Alexander-Arnold and Virgil Van Dijk.

Liverpool went ahead again eight minutes later as Virgil Van Dijk powered home a header from an Andy Robertson corner but the Dutch defender was at fault soon afterward for the second Leeds equalizer.

He miscued a clearance and Patrick Bamford was on hand to score neatly to make it 2-2.

Both sides were showing defensive frailty and it was another indifferent clearance from a free kick that afforded Salah the opportunity for his second goal, controlling quickly before powering his shot into the top left of the Leeds net.

The second half was a calmer affair, with Leeds matching Liverpool for possession and deservedly leveling through Klich’s fine strike until striker Rodrigo, making his debut, mistimed his challenge to concede a needless penalty that Salah was never going to miss.

Mo Salah wrapped up victory for Liverpool with his third goal and the side's fourth in the 4-3 opening day win over Leeds United.

Salah acknowledged the part the opponent had played in a pulsating start to the new season.

“Leeds are a tough team. They had a great game and reacted really well,” he told Sky Sports.

“I’m happy about the result and we have to keep on improving. It’s important for me to stay focused. We had a good game.”

Klopp summed up the thoughts of many after a memorable clash.

“What a game. Football as it’s best. What a spectacle,” the Red boss said.

Lacazette at the double

The opening goal of the Premier League campaign was scored by Alexandre Lacazette as he helped Arsenal to a thumping 3-0 win over promoted Fulham in the early kick off.

Fulham started brightly but that initial good work was undone by sloppy defensive work as Arsenal’s new signing Willian set up the Frenchman in a goalmouth scramble for his ninth-minute strike.

It is the second time Lacazette has scored the first goal of the Premier League season, achieving the feat in 2017-18 against Leicester City.

Arsenal's French striker Alexandre Lacazette scores the opening goal of the English Premier League season in his side's 3-0 win over Fulham.

Fulham fought hard to retrieve the situation but the Cottagers fell further behind at the start of the second half as Arsenal’s new signing Gabriel Magalhaes scored after a corner, the ball finding the net off the top of his shoulder.

The icing on the cake for Mikel Arteta’s FA Cup winners came later in the second half as a sublime team move saw Pierre-Emerick Aubameyang get off the mark for the season to make it 3-0 with his 11th goal in 11 games for the Gunners.

In the afternoon match, Wilfried Zaha scored the only goal as Crystal Palace beat Southampton 1-0 at Selhurst Park.

Zaha, linked with a move away from Palace, volleyed home in the 13th minute on an assist by Andros Townsend.

Southampton pressed hard for an equalizer with last season’s top scorer Danny Ings denied by a fine late save from home keeper Vicente Guaita.

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