MOSCOW — The Russian government said on Wednesday that it was slowing access to Twitter, accusing the social network of failing to remove illegal content and signaling that the Kremlin is escalating its offensive against American internet companies that have long provided a haven for freedom of expression.
Soon after the announcement, Twitter was still accessible in the country, but dozens of Russian government websites went offline for about an hour, including the site of the Kremlin, the Parliament, several ministries and law enforcement organizations. Russian officials blamed an equipment failure and said the outage was unrelated to the move against Twitter.
U.S. administration officials said over the weekend they planned to retaliate against Russia for a sweeping hacking attack last year that exploited vulnerabilities in government and corporate computer systems in the United States.
The officials said the retaliation was planned in the coming weeks, but it remained unclear on Wednesday whether the outage of the government websites was a sign of the latest volley in this cyberconflict or an unrelated glitch in Russia’s internet.
The Ministry of Digital Development, Communications and Mass Media said in a statement that the problem with the government sites arose from an equipment failure at a state-run phone company and internet service provider, Rostelkom, and that it was unrelated to the separate step taken by regulators to slow traffic on Twitter.
The Russian agency made the announcement in a Twitter post.
Russia’s telecommunications regulator said it was reducing the speed at which Twitter loaded for internet users in Russia, though it was not immediately clear how noticeable the move would be. The regulator, Roskomnadzor, whose website also went offline on Wednesday after announcing the move against Twitter, accused the American company of failing for years to remove posts about illegal drug use or child pornography or messages “pushing minors toward suicide.”
“With the aim of protecting Russian citizens and forcing the internet service to follow the law on the territory of the Russian Federation, centralized reactive measures have been taken against Twitter starting March 10, 2021 — specifically, the initial throttling of the service’s speeds, in accordance with the regulations,” the regulator said in a statement.
“If the internet service Twitter continues to ignore the demands of the law, measures against it will continue in accordance with the regulations, up to and including blocking it,” it added.
Twitter did not immediately comment.
The social network has a relatively small reach in Russia, but the crackdown could have far-reaching significance. Even as President Vladimir V. Putin rolled back democratic freedoms and muffled independent media, he has allowed the internet to remain essentially free.
Twitter — and to a much greater extent, Facebook’s Instagram and Google’s YouTube — have given Russians ways to speak, report and organize openly even though the Kremlin controls the television airwaves.
Those social networks, along with Chinese-owned TikTok, played a pivotal role in the anti-Kremlin protests that accompanied the return and imprisonment of the opposition leader Aleksei A. Navalny this year. Mr. Navalny has some 2.5 million Twitter followers, and his investigation published in January into a purported secret palace of Mr. Putin was viewed more than 100 million times on YouTube.
Russian officials claim that Silicon Valley companies discriminate against Russians by blocking some pro-Kremlin accounts while handing a megaphone to the Kremlin’s critics. They have also said that social networks have refused to remove content drawing children into the unauthorized protests in support of Mr. Navalny.
In recent weeks, the Kremlin has led an intensifying drumbeat criticizing American internet companies, painting them as corrupting foreign forces.
“Online, we bump into child pornography and child prostitution, with the sale and distribution of drugs, with children and teenagers as the target audience,” Mr. Putin said this month.
The internet, Mr. Putin said, must respect “the moral laws of the society in which we live — otherwise, this society will be destroyed from the inside.”
Twitter has a small user base in Russia, though it is popular among journalists, politicians and opposition activists. A report last year estimated the service had 690,000 active users in Russia, meaning that any public backlash over the move is likely to be far smaller than if the Kremlin imposed similar limits for Instagram or YouTube.
Russia, with a population of 144 million, is also an important market for U.S. internet companies and the threat of closure provides some economic leverage to the Russian government to respond to the escalating cyberconflict with the United States. American officials had said they intended to retaliate against Russia hacking a Texas-based company, SolarWinds, which provides software to government and corporate clients.
Recent history may also suggest another explanation for the failure of Russian government websites on Wednesday: bungling by a heavy-handed regulator.
In 2018, Roskomnadzor, while trying to shut down the messaging app Telegram, inadvertently blocked service to thousands of other websites in Russia. By midafternoon Wednesday, several Russian government sites, including those belonging to the Kremlin and Parliament, were back online.